With especially severe wintertime pollution exceeds the Nepali, Indian,Īnd the World Health Organization (WHO) PM 2.5 standards. 1 DegradedĪir quality (AQ) significantly decreases life expectancy, especially To understand ambient particulate matter concentration heterogeneity Though successive, indicate the importance of multisite measurements Were the second largest contributor to C-PM 1, 12% of OA,ģ3% of BC, and a primary emitter of aerosol sulfate. ![]() Primary source, contributing 21% of all OA and 44% of BC. OOA was the largest fraction of OA, over 50% Hydrocarbon-like (HOA), biomass burning (BBOA), trash burning (TBOA),Ī sulfate-containing local OA source (sLOA), and three secondary oxygenated Positive matrixįactorization (PMF) identified seven OA sources, four primary OA sources, Chloride (Chl) increased by 330 and 250%įrom Dhulikhel to Ratnapark and Lalitpur on average. Sulfate (SO 4) was 3.6 μg m –3 at Dhulikhel, then 7.5 μg m –3 at Ratnapark, and 12.0 μg m –3 at Lalitpur M –3 at Dhulikhel, an urban enhancement of 17.4 μg Μg m –3 the urban enhancement was 120% (58 The average background C-PM 1 at Dhulikhel was 48 ![]() ![]() Was the largest contributor to combined PM 1 (C-PM 1) (49%) and black carbon (BC) was the second largest contributor Measured by a mini aerosol mass spectrometer (mAMS) sequentially atĭhulikhel (on the valley exterior), then urban Ratnapark, and finally Nonrefractory PM 1 chemical composition, and concentration The Kathmandu valley experiences an average wintertimeĭaily peaks over 200 μg m –3.
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